What does it mean for a plant or animal to overwinter?

To overwinter refers to how certain plants or animals survive during the winter months, particularly in regions where conditions become harsh due to cold temperatures or reduced availability of resources. When a plant or animal overwinter, it means they enter a dormant stage during the winter season. This dormancy allows them to conserve energy and withstand the cold, often by going into a state of reduced metabolic activity.

For instance, many perennial plants will lose their above-ground foliage and survive in the soil as roots or bulbs. Similarly, some animals may enter hibernation or a state of torpor, reducing their physiological functions to preserve energy until conditions improve and spring arrives. This behavior is crucial for survival, as it enables plants and animals to persist through adverse winter conditions and re-emerge when the climate becomes favorable again. Understanding this concept is fundamental in aquatic ecosystems, as it plays a vital role in the life cycles of various organisms found in these environments.